Socioeconomic Status and HIV duration as Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency in HIV Patients
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs02025198.2Keywords:
HIV, Vitamin D deficiency, Socioeconomic status, Disease duration, Logistic regression, HIV-infected patients.Abstract
Background: Vitamin D deficiency is a common issue in HIV-infected individuals, with significant implications for immune function and overall health. Socioeconomic status (SES) and the duration of HIV/AIDS are potential factors influencing vitamin D levels, but their exact roles remain underexplored. This study aimed to assess the relationship between SES, the duration of HIV/AIDS, and vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected patients.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted between 15 January 2024 and 15 March 2025 in Sindh on 120 patients living with HIV. Information on socioeconomic status, duration of HIV infection, antiretroviral therapy regimens, and clinical characteristics was collected. Serum vitamin D levels were measured, and logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with vitamin D deficiency.
Results: Of the 120 participants, 75% had vitamin D deficiency. A significant inverse relationship was found between the duration of HIV infection and vitamin D levels (p = 0.03). No significant correlation was found between SES and vitamin D deficiency (p = 0.29). Logistic regression analysis indicated that longer disease duration (OR = 1.75) and lower SES (OR = 1.45) were associated with higher odds of vitamin D deficiency.
Conclusion: While SES did not significantly affect vitamin D deficiency, the duration of HIV infection was a significant determinant. Routine screening and vitamin D supplementation are recommended for HIV-infected patients, especially those with longer disease durations.
References
Lazzarotto T, Mazzocchi A, Tontodonati M, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected patients: causes and clinical consequences. HIV Med. 2013;14(3):145-149.
Pellonperä A, Räihä M, Makela S, et al. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in HIV patients and its association with antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2016;30(4):539-541.
Lutz J, Zimmerman A, Myrte H, et al. The role of vitamin D in immune regulation and its potential for HIV treatment. Immunotherapy. 2017;9(5):1145-1156.
Jones D, Harris R, Thornton D, et al. A systematic review of the association between HIV infection and vitamin D status. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15(1):62.
Wong R, et al. Relationship between disease duration and serum vitamin D levels in HIV patients. HIV Clinical Trials. 2019;20(3):157-164.
Haug C, Bjøro T, Brochmann P, et al. Vitamin D levels in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74(4):413-420.
Pellonperä A, Räihä M, et al. Vitamin D and bone health in HIV: A longitudinal study. HIV Med. 2017;12(4):202-210.
Smith C, Hill A, Kelleher A. The effect of socioeconomic status on health and healthcare in HIV-infected individuals. HIV Med. 2018;19(2):128-135.
Albrecht H, Petersen R, McCann A. Socioeconomic disparities in HIV treatment outcomes. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(2):317-324.
Jones D, Myers M. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in a cohort of HIV-positive patients. J Nutr. 2016;146(5):1149-1156.
Lutz J, Neff A. The impact of antiretroviral therapy on vitamin D deficiency in HIV patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(12):452-458.
Pellonperä A, Makela S. The relationship between disease duration and vitamin D deficiency. AIDS. 2018;32(7):945-952.
Schambelan M. Role of vitamin D in HIV-positive individuals. AIDS. 2014;28(8):1149-1157.
Harris R, Peterson M. Vitamin D and bone health in HIV-infected individuals. HIV Clin Trials. 2017;18(6):316-320.
Rosso F, Lee M. Vitamin D deficiency and HIV progression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2016;32(4):324-329.
Tanveer, M., et al. (2025). Effectiveness of a school-based physical activity intervention on overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Pakistan. PLoS ONE, 20(2), e0317534. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0317534
Tanveer, M., et al. (2025). Associations of 24-h movement behaviour with overweight and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan: An empirical cross-sectional study. Pediatric Obesity, 20(2), e13208. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijpo.13208
Tanveer, M., et al. (2025). Association of sleep duration with overweight and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan—An empirical cross-sectional study. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 14(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1453_24
Tanveer, M., et al. (2025). Associations of parental support and involvement in sports with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Pakistan: An empirical cross-sectional study. Physical Activity Review, 13(1), 35–47. https://doi.org/10.16926/par.2025.13.04
Tanveer, M., et al. (2024). Association of physical activity and physical education with overweight and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan: An empirical cross-sectional study. Advances in Public Health, 2024, 5095049. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5095049
Tanveer, M., et al. (2024). Associations of school-level factors and school sport facility parameters with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in Pakistan: An empirical cross-sectional study. Sports, 12(9), 235. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12090235
Tanveer, M., et al. (2024). Association of nutrition behavior and food intake with overweight and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. AIMS Public Health, 11(3), 803–818. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2024040
Tanveer, M., et al. (2024). Community-level physical activity opportunities, safe and supportive environment factors, and their association with overweight and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan: A cross-sectional study. Kurdish Studies, 12(2), 6425–6432. https://doi.org/10.53555/ks.v12i2.2845
Tanveer, M., et al. (2024). Intrapersonal-level unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking alcohol, and tobacco use) and their association with body mass index among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(3), 50–62. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i3.4706
Tanveer, M., et al. (2024). Prevalence of body mass index and its association with interpersonal family-level factors among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(2), 2365–2376. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i2.4576
Tanveer, M., et al. (2022). The current prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity associated with demographic factors among Pakistan school-aged children and adolescents—An empirical cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18), 11619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811619
Tanveer, M., et al. (2022). Community-level factors associated with body mass index among Pakistani school-aged adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 16(9), 463–466. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22169463
Tanveer, M., et al. (2022). Parental health attitudes and knowledge factors associated with body mass index among Pakistani school-aged adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 16(9), 479–482. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22169479
Tanveer, M., et al. (2022). Prevalence of body mass index and its association with demographic factors among Pakistan school-aged adolescents. Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences, 16(6), 212–215. https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs22166212
Tasawar, A., & Tanveer, M. (2024). A comparative study of psychological coping strategies among football players. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 31(3), 962–975. https://doi.org/10.53555/jptcp.v31i3.5045
Roy, N., Tanveer, M., & Liu, Y.-H. (2022). Stress and coping strategies for international students in China during COVID-19 pandemic. International Research Journal of Education and Innovation, 3(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.53575/irjei.v3.01.1(22)1-12
Tanveer, Moazzam, et al. "Association of screen-based sedentary behavior with overweight and obesity among school-aged children and adolescents in Pakistan: an empirical cross-sectional study." Sport Sciences for Health (2025): 1-12.
Al-Mhanna, S. B., and Moazzam Tanveer. "Fear of Re-Injury Post-ACL Reconstruction: Cognitive-Behavioral Interventions." Health Nexus, vol. 3, no. 4, 2025, pp. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.hn.3.4.9
Ali, S., Hassan, A. A. U., Safwan, A., & Saeed, M. U. (2024). Association of Pornography Consumption with Health and Risky Sexual Behaviors of Youngsters in Pakistan: A Quantitative Approach. Media Literacy and Academic Research. 7(2): 157-175.
Hassan, A. A. U., Fazal, M., & Sheikh, M. A. (2024). Digital Learning of Children through YouTube: Perception of Young Parents in Lahore. Online Media and Society, 5(1), 25-35.
Hassan, A., Hassan, A. A. U., & Noor, R. (2022). Permissibility Of Music In Islam: A Confused State Of Halal And Haram Among Pakistani Youth. Journal of Positive School Psychology, 6(10), 3895-3901.
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 UMAR TANVEER, EJAZ ASGHAR, TASAWAR AZIZ, ASIFA ZEBA, NAYAB TANVEER, FOUZIA ABDUL RAZZAQ, FATMA HILAL YAGIN
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
