Blood Pressure Trends and Their Association with Cardiovascular Risk Factors in a Tertiary Care Population
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs02025193.4Keywords:
Hypertension, Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Cardiovascular Risk, Tertiary Care, Pakistan.Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease is a major global problem due to hypertension, and this is especially true in low and middle-income countries. This is important as it helps identify its association with modifiable risk factors so that early interventions and prevention are possible.
Objective: In order to assess blood pressure trends and their relation with cardiovascular risk factors in a tertiary care population in Pakistan.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at the University of Lahore Teaching Hospital during July 2023 to July 2024. Sixty adult patients were enrolled. AHA 2017 guidelines were followed for categorization of blood pressure. Demographics, BMI, diabetes status, lipid profile, smoking, and family history of CVD were collected. SPSS v25 was used for statistical analysis, including multivariate logistic regression.
Results: Hypertension was present in 60% of 60 subjects (mean age 51.3 ± 12.6 years). Hypertension was significantly associated with obesity (p=0.011), diabetes (p=0.042), smoking (p=0.045), and elevated LDL (p=0.004). Obesity (OR=2.74, p=0.024) and diabetes (OR=2.58, p=0.048) were found to be independent predictors by multivariate analysis.
Conclusion: Obesity and diabetes are closely associated with the high burden of hypertension in this population. Reduction of long-term morbidity is dependent on early identification and integrated cardiovascular risk management. The tertiary care and community health settings should prioritize a preventive strategy based on lifestyle modification.
References
Dilip C, Cholamugath S, Baby M, Pattani D. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and management practices of acute coronary syndrome in a tertiary care hospital. Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology. 2015;26(6):547-54.
Smilowitz NR, Gupta N, Guo Y, Beckman JA, Bangalore S, Berger JS. Trends in cardiovascular risk factor and disease prevalence in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Heart. 2018;104(14):1180-6.
Gupta R, Guptha S, Gupta V, Agrawal A, Gaur K, Deedwania PC. Twenty-year trends in cardiovascular risk factors in India and influence of educational status. European journal of preventive cardiology. 2012;19(6):1258-71.
Tanveer M, Qadeer T, Ali SY, Bhatti AA, Khalid R, Suleman M, et al. Physio-Anatomical complications in short and long surgical procedures with General Anesthesia. A comparative cross-sectional study: Anesthesia-Related Physio-Anatomical Complications in surgical procedures. Developmental Medico-Life-Sciences. 2024;1(2):20-7.doi: 10.69750/dmls.01.02.021
Haq Z, Zaidi SUS, Shahid MN, Waseem AB, Tahir I, Munir M, et al. The Impact of High BMI on Cholesterol Levels and Type-2 Diabetes Control. A Cross-Sectional Study: High BMI: Effects on Cholesterol and Type-2 Diabetes Control. Developmental Medico-Life-Sciences. 2024;1(1):7-12.doi: 10.69750/dmls.01.01.018
Nadeem MK, Mari A, Iftikhar S, Khatri A, Sarwar T, Patel MJ. Hypertension-related knowledge and its relationship with blood pressure control in hypertensive patients visiting a semi-private tertiary-care charity hospital in karachi, pakistan. Cureus. 2019;11(10).
Patnaik L, Paul KK, Pattnaik S, Sahu T. Lifestyle pattern and hypertension related knowledge, attitude and practices among diagnosed patients of hypertension attending a tertiary care hospital. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research. 2017;8(4):108-11.
Sharma D, Vatsa M, Lakshmy R, Narang R, Bahl VK, Gupta SK. Study of cardiovascular risk factors among tertiary hospital employees and their families. indian heart journal. 2012;64(4):356-63.
Tariq F, Tariq R, Saif S-e-Z, Saqib R, Saleem A, Maheen F, et al. Advancements in Predictive Analytics for Early Detection of Myocardial Infarction in High-Risk Populations: Early Detection of Myocardial Infarction Using Predictive Analytics. Developmental Medico-Life-Sciences. 2024;1(4):34-42.doi: 10.69750/dmls.01.04.031
Muhit MA, Rahman MO, Raihan SZ, Asaduzzaman M, Akbar MA, Sharmin N, et al. Cardiovascular disease prevalence and prescription patterns at a tertiary level hospital in Bangladesh. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2012(Issue):80-4.
Singh N, Deniel V. Effect of modifiable factors on systolic blood pressure (SBP) in elderly population: a study from a tertiary care hospital in Delhi. Int J Med Phar Drug Re. 2023;7:4.
Aggarwal A, Aggarwal S, Sharma V. Cardiovascular risk factors in young patients of coronary artery disease: differences over a decade. Journal of cardiovascular and thoracic research. 2014;6(3):169.
Bansal M, Shrivastava S, Mehrotra R, Agrawal V, Kasliwal RR. Time-trends in prevalence and awareness of cardiovascular risk factors in an asymptomatic North Indian urban population. The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India. 2009;57:568-73.
Ralapanawa U, Kumarasiri PVR, Jayawickreme KP, Kumarihamy P, Wijeratne Y, Ekanayake M, et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of patients with types of acute coronary syndrome presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Sri Lanka. BMC cardiovascular disorders. 2019;19:1-9.
Barolia R, Sayani AH. Risk factors of cardiovascular disease and its recommendations in Pakistani context. JPMA The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association. 2017;67(11):1723.
Kharde AL, Deshpande J, Phulambrikar R, Mahavarakar V. Prevalence of hypertension and its risk factors in a field practice area of tertiary care teaching hospital in rural area of Western Maharashtra. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2018;7(2):76-9.
Pilakkadavath Z, Shaffi M. Modifiable risk factors of hypertension: A hospital-based case–control study from Kerala, India. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2016;5(1):114-9.
Vithanage T, Ratnamalala V, Wickramaratne C, Katulanda G, Rodrigo CH. Prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors in adult patients with haemophilia: a cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital clinic in Sri Lanka. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders. 2022;22(1):343.
Wolf J, Nieckarz A, Panfil A, Białas A, Sternicka J, Jędrzejewski Ł, et al. Blood pressure control in tertiary-care hypertensive patients during COVID-19 pandemic. arterial hypertension. 2023;27(3):145-51.
Som K, Ray J, Paul R, Bandyopadhyay D. Study of anthropometric risk factors for cardiovascular disease among the tribal population attending a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India. JIACM. 2019;20:22-8
Downloads
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 AMNA FAISAL, FATIMA GHAFFAR, HIRA AHMED, KHADEEJA ASIF, HANAF BATOOL VIRK
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
